Steel beams used to support giant structures are constantly under an enormous amount of stress. Beams undergo stresses of both compression and tension (stretching)
Consider a steel beam supported at both ends and carrying a load in the middle as shown on the left. As the beam bends two regions are created along its length. The region on the top of the beam is under compression. In this region atoms are been squashed together. The region at the bottom is under tension. In this region the atoms are being pulled apart and the surface of the beam is being stretched.
Between the two regions there is an area where there is neither compression nor tension. This region is called the neutral region.
When you bend a branch with your hands it always snaps in the region of tension. It never snaps in the area where compression takes place. Most materials have a greater compressive strength than tensile strength. That is, they can withstand compression but will fail under tension.
If a heavy load is placed at the end of the branch, it will snap and fall to the ground. It will start to fail at an area where tension is taking place.
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Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings..........